Identity, pathogenicity and genetic diversity of Lasiodiplodia associated with stem-end rot of avocado in China.

Stem-end rot (SER) causes brown necrotic lesions in the pulp near the base of the fruit pedicel and is one of the most devastating postharvest diseases of avocados in all avocado growing regions of the world. China's avocado industry is growing very rapidly, and the planting area is expanding, but little is known about the pathogens and genetic diversity of avocado SER. To determine the causal agents of SER, avocado fruits were sampled from the main avocado-producing areas in China during 2020 and 2021. Fungal isolates were obtained from SER symptomatic avocado fruits and identified by morphology combined with phylogenetic analysis of internal transcribed spacer (ITS), translation elongation factor 1-α (EF1-α) and ß-tubulin (TUB2) gene sequences. All 101 isolates belonged to Lasiodiplodia spp., and four Lasiodiplodia species were identified, namely L. pseudotheobromae (59.41%), L. theobromae (24.75%), L. mahajangana (7.92%), L. euphorbiaceicola (1.98%), and six others are classified as Lasiodiplodia sp. (5.94%). There were only slight morphological differences in colonies and conidia of these four species of Lasiodiplodia. The pathogenicity tests showed symptoms of SER, and the 92.08% of the isolates exhibited a high level of virulence on avocado (disease index > 70), related to the disease severity on avocado fruit. All tested isolates grew well under conditions from 23 to 33℃. There was a significant difference in mycelial growth between the four species of Lasiodiplodia after treatment with high temperature or low temperature. L. pseudotheobromae growth was the fastest at 13 to 18℃, but was the lowest at 38℃ (P < 0.05). Red pigment could be produced by all tested isolates after culturing for 7 days at 38℃. The mycelial growth rate was the fastest on PDA medium, and the slowest on OMA medium but promoted spore formation (P < 0.05). In addition, was determined the genetic diversity of Lasiodiplodia pathogenic species associated with SER collected from avocado, mango, guava and soursop fruits was determined. A total of 74 isolates were clustered into 4 main ISSR groups by unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) analysis, and the classification of this group was related to the host. Extensive diversity was detected in the Lasiodiplodia populations. The diverse geographical origins and host species significantly influenced the population differentiation, and most of the genetic variation occurred within populations (P < 0.001). This is the first study to identify the major pathogens of avocado SER in China and to survey their occurrence, pathogenicity and include a comparative analysis of genetic diversity with Lasiodiplodia spp. causing SER on other fruit hosts. Collectively, the Lasiodiplodia species complex affecting avocado showed high pathogenicity and diversity, while L. pseudotheobromae was the most frequently isolated species in China. The results of this study provide insights into the aspects of epidemic of SER disease caused by Lasiodiplodia species, which will help in developing strategies for the management and control of stem end-rot in avocado.

Sociocultural determinants of alcohol and cannabis use and misuse among Nunavimmiut.

OBJECTIVE: Stemming from historical traumas and changes in the Inuit way of life, substance use and its intertwined problems are a major cause of concern for Nunavimmiut. This study's objective is to investigate sociocultural determinants of substance use and misuse to inform culturally appropriate public health programs. METHODS: The 2017 Qanuilirpitaa? survey was conducted among a sample intended to be representative of Nunavimmiut aged 16 and over (total n = 1326). Sociocultural factors included cultural identity, land-based activities, involvement in community activities, social support, and family and community cohesion. The frequency of binge drinking (5 or more drinks on one occasion), cannabis use, and problematic substance use (CAGE and DAST-10) were documented. Data were analyzed using weighted multivariate logistic regressions. Inuit partners were involved from the planning of analyses to the co-interpretation of results. RESULTS: Nearly a third of Nunavimmiut aged 16 and over reported binge drinking at least once a week (29.3%), and 68.6% of drinkers were at risk of potential drinking problems. Forty-five percent (45%) reported using cannabis at least once a week, and 30% of drug users were at risk of potential drug abuse problems. Volunteering and participation in community activities were associated with lower odds of cannabis use, as was frequently going on the land with weekly binge drinking, potential drinking problems, and weekly cannabis use. Social support and community cohesion were associated with higher odds of weekly binge drinking, as was cultural identity (centrality scale) with potential drinking problems. CONCLUSION: Key determinants of substance use relevant to Inuit culture were identified. Results are in line with our Inuit partners' experience in their communities and are coherent with current land-based interventions implemented in Nunavik. A thorough understanding of substance use contexts and related stressors should guide the content and implementation of substance use programs in Nunavik.

RéSUMé: OBJECTIF: Suite aux traumas historiques et changements au mode de vie, l'usage de substance et les problèmes associés sont une source d'inquiétude majeure pour les Nunavimmiut. L'objectif de cette étude est d'investiguer les déterminants socioculturels de l'usage de substances pour adapter les programmes de santé publique à la culture Inuit. MéTHODES: L'enquête Qanuilirpitaa? 2017 repose sur un échantillon sélectionné pour être représentatif des Nunavimmiut (16 ans et plus; n = 1 326). Les déterminants socioculturels incluent : identité culturelle, activités sur le territoire, activités communautaires, support social, cohésion familiale et communautaire. La fréquence de consommation excessive d'alcool (5 consommations ou plus), l'usage du cannabis et l'usage problématique (CAGE et DAST-10) ont été documentés. Données analysées par régression multiple pondérée. Nos partenaires Inuit ont été impliqués de la planification des analyses à la co-interprétation des résultats. RéSULTATS: Près du tiers des Nunavimmiut de 16 ans et plus ont rapporté une consommation hebdomadaire excessive d'alcool (29,3 %) et 68,6 % de ceux consommant de l'alcool étaient potentiellement à risque de consommation problématique. Quarante-cinq pourcent (45 %) ont rapporté consommer du cannabis au moins une fois par semaine et 30 % des consommateurs de drogue étaient à risque de consommation potentiellement problématique. Le bénévolat et la participation aux activités communautaires étaient associés à une cote plus faible d'usage de cannabis, tout comme la pratique fréquente d'activités sur le territoire avec la consommation hebdomadaire excessive d'alcool, d'usage potentiellement problématique d'alcool et d'usage hebdomadaire de cannabis. Le support social et la cohésion communautaire étaient associés à une cote plus élevée de consommation excessive hebdomadaire d'alcool, tout comme l'identité culturelle (centralité) avec l'usage potentiellement problématique d'alcool. CONCLUSION: Des déterminants clés de l'usage de substance spécifiques aux Inuit ont été identifiés. Les résultats concordent avec le vécu de nos partenaires dans leurs communautés et le cadre théorique d'interventions déjà implémentées impliquant des activités sur le territoire et de guérison. Les contextes de consommation et les stresseurs associés devraient guider l'élaboration des programmes au Nunavik.

La configuración sociocultural de la enfermedad desde el lente de una comunidad rural en Colombia / A configuração sociocultural da doença sob a ótica de uma comunidade rural na Colômbia / The sociocultural configuration of the disease from the lens of a rural community in Colombia

The purpose of the study was to understand the sociocultural configurations about diseases of a group of peasants in Córdoba, Colombia, through a micro-ethnographic design and the application of semi-structured interviews, conversations and observations to 20 members of the community, between October 2020 and March 2021. The interviews were transcribed and organized in matrices for their categorization and analysis using Bardin technique. The disease is conceived from two constructions: being sick is not being able to work and being sick is restlessness and anguish; Both configurations are built from the link between the opportunities to work and do activities from daily life, but they are altered by problems in the provision of the health service. It is concluded that the sociocultural configuration of the diseases overcomes the vision of physical imbalance because it is perceived into daily life activities, the ways of living, and the solidarity networks woven by the peasants as a strategy against the negligence of the state ineffectiveness of health system in Colombian rural areas.(AU)

El propósito del estudio fue comprender las configuraciones socioculturales sobre las enfermedades construidas por un grupo de campesinos en el Departamento de Córdoba, Colombia, mediante un diseño micro etnográfico y la aplicación de entrevistas semiestructuradas, conversaciones y observaciones a 20 miembros de la comunidad, entre octubre de 2020 y marzo de 2021. Las entrevistas fueron transcritas, organizadas en matrices y procesadas para su posterior organización, categorización y análisis con apoyo de la técnica de Bardin. Se develan dos construcciones para concebir la enfermedad: estar enfermo es no poder trabajar y estar enfermo es intranquilidad y angustia; ambas configuraciones se construyen a partir del vínculo con las oportunidades para trabajar y realizar acciones de la vida cotidiana, pero están permeadas por el déficit en la prestación del servicio de salud y las dificultades para acceder a este. Se concluye que la configuración sociocultural de las enfermedades supera la visión de desequilibrio físico del individuo al enunciarse en el ámbito de las prácticas cotidianas, los modos de vivir y las redes de solidaridad tejidas por los campesinos como estrategia de resistencia ante el olvido estatal y la ineficacia de los abordajes del sector salud en zonas rurales colombianas.(AU)

O objetivo do estudo foi compreender as configurações socioculturais sobre doenças de um grupo de camponeses em Córdoba, Colômbia, por meio de um desenho microetnográfico e da aplicação de entrevistas semiestruturadas, conversas e observações a 20 membros da comunidade, entre outubro 2020 e março de 2021. As entrevistas foram transcritas e organizadas em matrizes para sua categorização e análise pela técnica de Bardin. A doença é concebida a partir de duas construções: estar doente é não poder trabalhar e estar doente é inquietação e angústia; Ambas as configurações são construídas a partir da ligação entre as oportunidades de trabalho e de realização das atividades do cotidiano, mas são alteradas por problemas na prestação do serviço de saúde. Concluise que a configuração sociocultural das doenças supera a visão do desequilíbrio físico, pois é percebida nas atividades do cotidiano, nos modos de viver e nas redes solidárias tecidas pelos camponeses como estratégia contra o descaso do Estado inefetividade da saúde sistema nas áreas rurais colombianas.(AU)

[Characteristics of the migrant women attended by the Reproductive Health Care Services of the Catalan Health Institute.] / Características de las mujeres migradas atendidas por los Servicios de Salud Reproductiva del Institut Català de la Salut.

OBJECTIVE: The feminization of migration, the need to provide health care to an increasingly diverse population, seeking optimal health data led to considering this research. The objective was to determine the characteristics (socio-demographic profile, obstetric and gynecological record, and monitoring) of migrated pregnant women with a pregnancy process completed in 2019 in Catalonia compared to native women, in public centers (ASSIR-ICS). METHODS: This descriptive study was based on computerized clinical records of women in the 28 centers dependent on the ICS. A descriptive analysis of the variables was carried out to compare the origin of the pregnant women. The Pearson Chi-Square test at 5% and the corrected standardized residual was used to compare the groups and an analysis of variance for the comparison of means also at 5%. RESULTS: 36.315 women were analyzed and the resulting mean age was 31.1 years. The BMI at the beginning of pregnancy was 25.4 on average. Smoking habit was 18.1% among Spanish 17.3% among European. Sexist violence was 4% in Latin American women, being statistically higher than the rest. The risk of preeclampsia was 23.4% in sub-Saharan women. Gestational diabetes was diagnosed mainly among Pakistanis (18.5%). The prevalence of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) was detected in Latin Americans (8.6%), Spanish (5.8%) and Europeans (4.5%). Sub-Saharan women performed insufficient ultrasound control (58.2%) and had the lowest percentage of visits with 49.5%. Pregnancy monitoring was insufficient in 79.9% of all rural pregnant women. CONCLUSIONS: There are differences derived from the geographical origins of pregnant women that condition access to health services.

OBJETIVO: La feminización de la migración y la necesidad de dar asistencia sanitaria a una población cada vez más diversa, buscando unos datos óptimos de salud, llevó a plantearse esta investigación. El objetivo fue determinar las características (perfil socio-demográfico, antecedentes obstétricos-ginecológicos y el seguimiento) de gestantes migradas con un proceso de embarazo finalizado en 2019 en Cataluña frente a las autóctonas, en centros públicos (ASSIR-ICS). METODOS: Este estudio descriptivo se basó en los registros de historia clínica informatizada de mujeres en veintiocho centros dependientes del ICS. Se analizaron las variables según la procedencia de las gestantes y se utilizó la prueba de Ji Cuadrado de Pearson al 5% acompañada del residuo estandarizado corregido para compararlas, así como el análisis de la varianza para la comparación de medias también al 5%. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 36.315 registros con edad media de 31,1 años. El IMC al inicio de gestación fue de 25,4. El consumo de tabaco fue del 18,1% entre españolas y del 17,3% en el resto de las europeas. El cribado de violencia machista llegó al 4% en latinoamericanas, siendo estadísticamente superior al resto. El riesgo de preeclampsia fue del 23,4% en subsaharianas. La diabetes gestacional fue diagnosticada principalmente entre paquistaníes (18,5%). La prevalencia de Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual (ITS) fue del 8,6% en latinoamericanas, del 5,8% en españolas y del 4,5% en europeas. Las subsaharianas (58,2%) realizaron un control insuficiente de ecografías y un menor porcentaje de visitas con un 49,5%. El seguimiento del embarazo fue insuficiente en el 79,9% del total de las gestantes rurales. CONCLUSIONES: Existen diferencias derivadas del origen geográfico de las gestantes que condicionan el acceso a los servicios sanitarios.

Características de las mujeres migradas atendidas por los Servicios de Salud Reproductiva del Institut Català de la Salut / Characteristics of the migrant women attended by the Reproductive Health Care Services of the Catalan Health Institute

Fundamentos: La feminización de la migración y la necesidad de dar asistencia sanitaria a una población cada vez más diversa, buscandounos datos óptimos de salud, llevó a plantearse esta investigación. El objetivo fue determinar las características (perfil socio-demográfico,antecedentes obstétricos-ginecológicos y el seguimiento) de gestantes migradas con un proceso de embarazo finalizado en 2019 en Cataluñafrente a las autóctonas, en centros públicos (ASSIR-ICS). Métodos: Este estudio descriptivo se basó en los registros de historia clínica informatizada de mujeres en veintiocho centros dependientesdel ICS. Se analizaron las variables según la procedencia de las gestantes y se utilizó la prueba de Ji Cuadrado de Pearson al 5% acompañadadel residuo estandarizado corregido para compararlas, así como el análisis de la varianza para la comparación de medias también al 5%. Resultados: Se analizaron 36.315 registros con edad media de 31,1 años. El IMC al inicio de gestación fue de 25,4. El consumo de tabacofue del 18,1% entre españolas y del 17,3% en el resto de las europeas. El cribado de violencia machista llegó al 4% en latinoamericanas, siendoestadísticamente superior al resto. El riesgo de preeclampsia fue del 23,4% en subsaharianas. La diabetes gestacional fue diagnosticada principalmente entre paquistaníes (18,5%). La prevalencia de Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual (ITS) fue del 8,6% en latinoamericanas, del 5,8% enespañolas y del 4,5% en europeas. Las subsaharianas (58,2%) realizaron un control insuficiente de ecografías y un menor porcentaje de visitascon un 49,5%. El seguimiento del embarazo fue insuficiente en el 79,9% del total de las gestantes rurales. Conclusiones: Existen diferencias derivadas del origen geográfico de las gestantes que condicionan el acceso a los servicios sanitarios.(AU)

Background: The feminization of migration, the need to provide health care to an increasingly diverse population, seeking optimal healthdata led to considering this research. The objective was to determine the characteristics (socio-demographic profile, obstetric and gynecological record, and monitoring) of migrated pregnant women with a pregnancy process completed in 2019 in Catalonia compared to native women,in public centers (ASSIR-ICS). Methods: This descriptive study was based on computerized clinical records of women in the 28 centers dependent on the ICS. A descriptiveanalysis of the variables was carried out to compare the origin of the pregnant women. The Pearson Chi-Square test at 5% and the correctedstandardized residual was used to compare the groups and an analysis of variance for the comparison of means also at 5%. Results: 36.315 women were analyzed and the resulting mean age was 31.1 years. The BMI at the beginning of pregnancy was 25.4 onaverage. Smoking habit was 18.1% among Spanish 17.3% among European. Sexist violence was 4% in Latin American women, being statisticallyhigher than the rest. The risk of preeclampsia was 23.4% in sub-Saharan women. Gestational diabetes was diagnosed mainly among Pakistanis(18.5%). The prevalence of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) was detected in Latin Americans (8.6%), Spanish (5.8%) and Europeans (4.5%).Sub-Saharan women performed insufficient ultrasound control (58.2%) and had the lowest percentage of visits with 49.5%. Pregnancy monitoring was insufficient in 79.9% of all rural pregnant women. Conclusions: There are differences derived from the geographical origins of pregnant women that condition access to health services.(AU)

Sociocultural differences in the development of obesity in adolescents in Murcia.

BACKGROUND: Childhood obesity presents alarming numbers in our country, being even higher in the population of immigrant origin. The main objective was to analyse the excess weight numbers both in native adolescents and in those children of immigrants and to determine the ethnic influence on lifestyle habits that could condition these differences in weight overload. METHODS: Adolescents from 1st year of Obligatory Secondary Education (E.S.O.) participated; somatometry was determined and classified according to BMI (with WHO references) and parental origin. Parents completed the survey on healthy habits (ENHASA). An analysis of variance was performed for each of the 4 dimensions of the questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 416 adolescents participated (12.8±0.62 years). Excess weight was detected in 41.2% of the participants, with significant differences between groups (p 0.018): 36.7% in Spanish, 42.9% in North Africa and 58.2% in South America. The ANOVA analysis showed differences in the section "physical activity" (p 0.003), highlighting the maximum disparity in the performance of extracurricular sports activities, with a lower score in both non-native groups. CONCLUSION: We found significant differences according to ethnic origin in the number of overweight children and the amount of physical activity they do; South American adolescents are the most sedentary. We must design interventions that guarantee the access of all adolescents to sports activities to prevent the development of obesity.

[Systematization of interviews with altruistic blood donors during mobile campaign]. / Sistematización de entrevistas a donantes altruistas de sangre durante campaña móvil.

Background: The mobile campaigns of altruistic blood donation are one of the main actions of the Blood Bank of the Hospital de Especialidades "Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda Gutiérrez". With the arrival of the new normal, after the COVID-19 pandemic, it was necessary to reactivate these actions according to the population's characteristics. Objective: To identify socio-cultural characteristics that enhance or limit voluntary or altruistic blood donation. Material and methods: Qualitative exploratory research, through a semi-structured interview with stratified sampling, universe of partial population of those attending blood donation; only altruistic donors were considered randomly, and representative proportions of the population subgroup were determined. Results: Most of the donors interviewed were preliminary donors who approached the blood donation tent without focused promotion. Health professionals showed greater identification to altruistic blood donation. Donors declared a lack of donation culture as the main factor limiting this human activity. Finally, they considered the accessibility to the blood donation tent as determinant for altruistic blood donation. Conclusions: Twelve recommendations were established to the Blood Bank, with which the intention is to propose strategies and establish research channels that increase the impact on the promotion of altruistic blood donation in future campaigns.

Introducción: las campañas móviles de donación altruista de sangre son una de las acciones principales del Banco de Sangre del Hospital de Especialidades "Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda Gutiérrez". Con la llegada de la nueva normalidad, después de la pandemia por COVID-19, fue necesario reactivar estas acciones conforme a las características de la población. Objetivo: identificar características socioculturales que potencien o limiten la donación voluntaria o altruista de sangre. Material y métodos: investigación exploratoria de corte cualitativo mediante entrevista semiestructurada, con muestreo estratificado, universo de población parcializado de los asistentes a donación de sangre; se consideraron únicamente donantes altruistas de forma aleatoria y se determinaron proporciones representativas del subgrupo poblacional. Resultados: la mayoría de los donantes entrevistados fueron donantes preliminares que acudieron a la campaña itinerante sin promoción focalizada. Los profesionales de la salud mostraron mayor identificación con la donación de sangre de tipo altruista. Los donantes declararon una falta de cultura de la donación como el factor principal que limita esta actividad humana. Finalmente, consideraron la accesibilidad del módulo itinerante como determinante para la donación altruista de sangre. Conclusiones: se establecieron doce recomendaciones al Banco de Sangre, con las que se busca plantear estrategias y establecer canales de investigación que incrementen el impacto en el fomento de la donación altruista de sangre en campañas futuras.

Prácticas culturales de cuidado en el binomio madre-hijo durante el puerperio: Revisión integrativa / Cultural practices of care in the binomial mother-child during the puerperium: Integrative review / Práticas culturais de cuidado no binômio mãe-filho durante o puerpério: Revisão integrativa

Resumen Objetivo: identificar en la literatura las prácticas culturales de cuidado postnatal que realizan las mujeres y su familia durante el puerperio. Metodología: se realizó una revisión integrativa a través de búsqueda en las bases de datos: Gale Cengage Learning, Scielo, Redalyc, Dialnet, EBSCO, Proquest, Science Direct, PubMed y Medigraphic en idiomas inglés, español y portugués entre 2014 y 2019, utilizando los términos: prácticas de cuidado cultural, cuidado en el puerperio, cuidado al recién nacido y cuidado de enfermería materno perinatal; los datos se analizaron a partir de la construcción de una matriz en Excel. Resultados: se obtuvieron 70 artículos, de los cuales emergieron cuatro categorías temáticas de prácticas de cuidado cultural: cuidado de la mujer consigo misma, cuidado del neonato por la madre/familia, cuidado institucional de la puérpera y del neonato, siendo la lactancia materna el factor común entre las ellas. Conclusiones: la identificación de diversas prácticas de cuidado postnatal en el ámbito hospitalario y ambulatorio varían por aspectos sociales, económicos y culturales, pero la mayoría de ellas favorecen el vínculo con el neonato. Es difícil establecer prácticas culturales generalizadas y estáticas en Colombia, debido a la diversidad cultural dentro de cada país.

Abstract Objective: To identify in the literature the cultural practices of postnatal care carried out by women and their families during the puerperium. Methodology: an integrative review was carried out through a search in the Gale Cengage Learning, Scielo, Redalyc, Dialnet, EBSCO, Proquest, Science Direct, PubMed and Medigraphic databases in English, Spanish and Portuguese between 2014 and 2019, using the terms: cultural care practices, puerperium care, newborn care and maternal and perinatal nursing care. The data were analyzed from the construction of a matrix in Excel. Results: A total of 70 articles were obtained, from which four thematic categories of cultural care practices emerged: self-care of the woman, care of the newborn by the mother/family, institutional care of the puerperal woman and the newborn, with breastfeeding being the common factor among them. Conclusions: the identification of different postnatal care practices in the hospital and outpatient settings varies according to social, economic and cultural aspects, but most of them favor bonding with the newborn. It is difficult to establish generalized and static cultural practices in Colombia due to the cultural diversity within each country.

Resumo Objetivo: identificar na literatura as práticas culturais de cuidado post natal que realizam as mulheres e sua família durante o puerpério. Metodologia: Realizou-se uma revisão integrativa a través de busca nas bases de dados: Gale Cengage Learning, Scielo, Redalyc, Dialnet, EBSCO, Proquest, Science Direct, PubMed e Medigraphic em idiomas inglês, espanhol e português entre 2014 e 2019, utilizando os termos: práticas de cuidado cultural, cuidado no puerpério, cuidado ao recém-nascido e cuidado de enfermaria materna perinatal; os dados se analisaram a partir da construção de uma matriz em Excel. Resultados: obtiveram-se 70 artigos, dos quais emergiram quatro categorias temáticas de práticas de cuidado cultural: cuidado da mulher consigo mesma, cuidado do neonato pela mãe/família, cuidado institucional da puérpera e do neonato, sendo a lactância materna o fator comum entre elas. Conclusões: a identificação de diversas práticas de cuidado pós-natal no âmbito hospitalário e ambulatório variam por aspeitos sociais, econômicos e culturais, mas a maioria de elas favorece o vínculo com o neonato. É difícil estabelecer práticas culturais generalizadas e estáticas na Colômbia, devido à diversidade cultural dentro de cada país.

Contingency Analysis of Ethics Training in Psychology Programs in Colombia / Análisis contingencial de la formación ética en programas de psicología en Colombia / Análise de contingência da formação ética em programas de psicologia na Colômbia

Introduction. The topic of ethics training in psychology has been constant in Colombia, especially since the Colombian Association of Psychology Faculties was created. However, reports of deficiencies in ethics training and research reviews, centered on identifying the ethical knowledge of students and professional actions in psychology, justify more complex studies. In this framework, relationships between contextual factors, which are necessary to understand the dynamics of psychological education, and factors related to ethically practicing the profession, must be included in the analysis. The objective of the study was, therefore, to demonstrate interdependent relations between the different actors that participate in ethics training, the interlocking of individual reinforcement contingencies and cultural consequences through a contingency analysis of psychology program curricula in Colombia. Methodology. A qualitative documentary análisis study with the methodology proposed by Todorov in terms of contingency analyses. Results. Interlocking practices were demonstrated in terms of metacontingencies in educational institutions, more focused on professional development than on ethics training. On an inter-institutional level, practices do not demonstrate a metacontingency in the strict sense, which was analyzed in light of the university autonomy and academic freedom policy. Malpractice can be considered a macrocontingency from the point of view of normalizing practices without an ethical reflection. Discussion. Psychological education is understood as a cultural practice that depends on relatively effectively interlocking contingencies, which prepares professionals who can adjust to the needs of society. This posture is coherent with the authors' proposals. Conclusions. It is necessary to effectively integrate training in disciplinary skills with ethics, in order to attain a cultural practice in the terms of the analyzed metacontingency.

Introducción. El tema de la formación ética en psicología ha sido una constante en Colombia, especialmente desde la constitución de la Asociación Colombiana de Facultades de Psicología. Sin embargo, los reportes de deficiencias en la formación ética y la revisión de investigaciones, centradas en identificar el conocimiento ético de los estudiantes y el actuar profesional en psicología, justifican un estudio más complejo. En este marco, las relaciones entre los factores contextuales, que son necesarios para comprender las dinámicas en la formación psicológica, y los factores relacionados con el ejercicio ético de la profesión deben incluirse en el análisis. El objetivo del estudio fue, entonces, evidenciar, a través de un análisis contingencial de los planes de estudio de los programas de psicología en Colombia, las relaciones de interdependencia entre los diferentes actores que intervienen en la formación ética, el entrelazamiento de las contingencias de refuerzo individual y las consecuencias culturales. Metodología. Estudio cualitativo de análisis documental con la metodología propuesta por Todorov en cuanto al análisis contingencial. Resultados. Se muestran prácticas entrelazadas en términos de metacontingencias en las instituciones formativas, más enfocadas al desarrollo profesional que a la formación ética. A nivel interinstitucional, las prácticas no evidencian una metacontingencia en sentido estricto, lo cual se analiza a la luz de la política de autonomía universitaria y de libertad de cátedra. La mala praxis puede considerarse como una macrocontingencia, desde el punto de vista de la normalización de prácticas sin una reflexión ética. Discusión. La formación en psicología se comprende como una práctica cultural, en función de contingencias entrelazadas de forma relativamente efectiva, que forma profesionales que se ajustan a las necesidades de la sociedad, postura que es coherente con lo propuesto por otros autores. Conclusiones. Es necesaria una integración efectiva del entrenamiento en competencias disciplinares con el de competencias éticas, con el fin de lograr una práctica cultural en los términos metacontingenciales analizados.

Introdução. A questão da formação ética em psicologia tem sido uma constante na Colômbia, especialmente desde a constituição da Associação Colombiana de Faculdades de Psicologia. No entanto, os relatos de deficiências na formação ética e a revisão de pesquisas, voltadas para identificar o conhecimento ético dos alunos e o comportamento profissional em psicologia, justificam um estudo mais complexo. Nesse quadro, as relações entre os fatores contextuais, necessários para compreender a dinâmica da formação psicológica, e os fatores relacionados ao exercício ético da profissão devem ser incluídos na análise. O objetivo do estudo foi, portanto, mostrar, através de uma análise contingencial dos planos de estudo dos programas de psicologia na Colômbia, as relações de interdependência entre os diferentes atores envolvidos na formação ética, o entrelaçamento das contingências de reforço individual e consequências culturais. Metodologia. Estudo qualitativo de análise documental com a metodologia proposta por Todorov em termos de análise de contingência. Resultados. Práticas entrelaçadas se mostram em termos de meta-contingências nas instituições formadoras, mais voltadas para o desenvolvimento profissional do que para a formação ética. No plano interinstitucional, as práticas não apresentam uma meta-contingência em sentido estrito, o que é analisado à luz da política de autonomia universitária e liberdade acadêmica. A práxis errada pode ser considerada uma macro-contingência, do ponto de vista da normalização de práticas sem reflexão ética. Discussão. A formação em psicologia é entendida como uma prática cultural, baseada em contingencias relativamente efetivamente entrelaçadas, que forma profissionais que se ajustam às necessidades da sociedade, posição condizente com a proposta por outros autores. Conclusões. É necessária uma integração efetiva da formação em competências disciplinares com a de competências éticas, a fim de alcançar uma prática cultural nos termos meta-contingenciais analisados.

Cross-Cultural adaptation and psychometric properties of SATAQ-4R for brazilian adolescents / Adaptação transcultural e avaliação psicométrica do SATAQ-4R para adolescentes brasileiros / Adaptación transcultural y evaluación psicométrica del SATAQ-4R para adolescentes brasileños

The aim of this study was to culturally adapt and to evaluate the psychometric properties of Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire - 4R (SATAQ-4R) among Brazilian adolescents. This scale evaluates the influence from parents, peers, media and significant others on body image. In the first stage, the conceptual, semantic, operational and content equivalences were assessed. In the second stage, 285 girls (M age = 15.54; SD = 1.59 years old) and 323 boys (M age = 15.34; SD = 1.66 years old) took part. The results from Exploratory Factor Analysis showed a factorial structure composed of 7 factors for girls and 6 factors for boys. Associations between SATAQ-4R and body dissatisfaction, body change behavior, eating attitudes and self-esteem suggested good convergent validity. We concluded that the SATAQ-4R is a valid and reliable instrument for Brazilian adolescents, which is considered a good tool for the evaluation of the beauty ideal internalization and socio-cultural influences. (AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi adaptar culturalmente e avaliar as propriedades psicométricas do Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire - 4R (SATAQ-4R) entre adolescentes brasileiros. Essa escala avalia influência dos pais, amigos, mídia e pessoas próximas na imagem corporal. Na primeira etapa, foram atestadas as equivalências conceitual, semântica, operacional e de conteúdo. Da segunda etapa, participaram 285 meninas (M idade = 15,54; DP = 1,59 anos) e 323 meninos (M idade = 15,34; DP = 1,66 anos). Os resultados da análise fatorial exploratória apontaram estrutura fatorial com sete fatores para meninas adolescentes e seis fatores para meninos adolescentes. Associações entre SATAQ-4R e medidas de insatisfação corporal, comportamento de mudança corporal, atitudes alimentares e autoestima sugerem boa validade convergente da escala. Conclui-se que o SATAQ-4R é um instrumento válido e confiável para adolescentes brasileiros, sendo alternativa para avaliação da internalização dos padrões ideais de beleza e influências socioculturais. (AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue adaptar culturalmente y evaluar las propiedades psicométricas del Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire - 4R (SATAQ-4R) entre adolescentes brasileños. Esta escala evalúa la influencia de los padres, amigos, medios de comunicación y personas importantes en la imagen corporal. En la primera etapa, se atestiguaron las equivalencias conceptuales, semánticas, operativas y de contenido. En la segunda etapa, participaron 285 chicas (M edad = 15.54; DS = 1.59 años) y 323 chicos (M edad = 15.34; DS = 1.66 años). Los resultados del Análisis Factorial Exploratorio mostraron una estructura factorial de 7 factores para las chicas y 6 factores para los chicos. Las asociaciones entre el SATAQ-4R e insatisfacción corporal, la conducta del desarrollo corporal, las actitudes alimentarias y la autoestima sugieren una buena validez convergente. Se concluye que el SATAQ-4R es un instrumento válido para adolescentes brasileños y se considera una buena alternativa para la evaluación de la internalización de los ideales de belleza e influencias socioculturales. (AU)

Social media use for health, cultural characteristics, and demographics: A survey of Pakistani millennials.

Objective: Over the last 10 years, an extensive body of literature has been produced to investigate the role of social media in health. However, little is known about the impact of cultural characteristics (e.g. masculinity, collectivism, and uncertainty avoidance) on social media use regarding health-related information, especially in developing countries like Pakistan. The present study employed Hofstede's cultural characteristics framework and uses and gratification theory to examine how Pakistani millennials' demographic attributes and cultural characteristics are associated with their social media use for health-related information. Method: An online survey of 722 people aged 18-35 living in Pakistan was conducted in spring 2020 to examine the intensity and frequency of social media use, health-related use of social media, cultural characteristics, and demographic attributes. Results: Results showed that cultural characteristics-masculinity, collectivism, and uncertainty avoidance-are strongly related with their perceptions of social media importance, usefulness, and perceived ease of access for health-related information even when controlling for demographic characteristics. Age and gender are also significantly associated with their perspectives on social media for health. Conclusions: We found that communicating and sharing information is the most important motivation for Pakistani millennials to use social media in the area of health with WhatsApp and YouTube being most preferred social media sites for health-related issues.

Alimentación en gestantes adolescentes con hipertensión: Cuidados y Cultura / Diet in pregnant teenagers with hypertension: Care and Culture

Introducción: La gestación en adolescentes es una realidad que enfrentan cada día la familia, comunidad y sociedad; además puede tener complicaciones como la hipertensión, por lo tanto, los cuidados son fundamentales y pueden variar según la cultura. Objetivo: Describir las prácticas de cuidados culturales relacionadas con la alimentación de las gestantes adolescentes con hipertensión, hospitalizadas en una institución de III Nivel de Atención en Salud del municipio de Sincelejo. Materiales y Métodos: Investigación cualitativa etnográfica. Se aplicaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a profundidad a trece participantes. El análisis etnográfico permitió identificar términos, dominios, taxonomías y relaciones semánticas. Resultados: Se observó un alto consumo de alimentos tradicionales de la región Caribe y productos procesados; emergieron prácticas de cuidados referentes a los cambios en la alimentación y su significado cultural, en las subcategorías, alimentos saludables y alimentos relacionados con hipertensión. Conclusiones: Las prácticas de cuidados en la alimentación, evidencian la diversidad de significado cultural en las participantes, conocimiento esencial para brindar cuidados de enfermería coherentes y humanizados. Asimismo, conlleva a la implementación de programas de intervención a nivel domiciliario e institucional en esta población.

Introduction: Pregnancy in adolescents is a common reality faced by family, community and society, which can also bring health complications such as hypertension. Therefore, care of these teenagers is fundamental and can vary according to cultural contexts. Objective: To describe cultural care practices related to diet in pregnant adolescents with hypertension, who are inpatients in a Level III health care institution in Sincelejo (Colombia). Materials and methods: Qualitative ethnographic research. In-depth semi-structured interviews were done with thirteen participants. The ethnographic assessment facilitated the identification of terms, domains, taxonomies, and semantic relationships. Results: High consumption of traditional Caribbean food and processed products was observed. Care practices related to diet changes and their cultural meaning were common in subcategories such as healthy food and hypertension related diet. Conclusions: Diet care practices show diversity in terms of the cultural significance given by participants, which is an essential knowledge to provide coherent and humanized nursing care. Likewise, it is necessary to implement intervention programs to treat these patients both at home as well as at health care institutions.

Tornando-se um praticante de crossfit: gerenciamentos do corpo dentro e fora dos boxes / Becoming a crossfit practitioner: body management inside and outside the boxes / Convirtiéndose en un practicante de crossfit: gestión del cuerpo dentro y fuera de los boxes

Inspirado pela Fase Ética do pensamento de Foucault, consideram-se as experiências no CrossFit como formas de gerenciamentos do corpo que se atrelam fundamentalmente ao culto do eu. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar e discutir aspectos que tornam os sujeitos efetivamente praticantes de CrossFit e como os seus gerenciamentos do corpo, dentro e fora dos boxes, se relacionam à modalidade. Foram realizadas observações não estruturadas de aulas e entrevista semiestruturada com 12 praticantes, em diferentes boxes da zona norte, na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Os resultados indicaram que a superação e o estímulo entre os praticantes constituem-se como os principais processos de subjetivação identitária desse grupo. Detectou-se também que os contínuos regimes ou investimentos de autoaprimoramento nos boxes marcavam um estilo de vida regrado e padronizado responsável por internalizar determinadas maneiras de estar no mundo e que afetavam sobremaneira o modo de viver.(AU)

Inspired by the Ethical Phase of Foucault's thought, we consider the experiences in CrossFit as forms of body management that are fundamentally linked to the cult of the self. Therefore, the goal of this research was to analyze and discuss aspects associated with becoming a practitioner of CrossFit and how the management of their bodies, inside and outside the boxes, is related to the modality. Methodological strategies included classes observation and semi-structured interviews with 12 practitioners in different boxes of north zone, in Rio de Janeiro city. The results indicate that resilience and encouragement between practitioners constitute the main process of subjective identity of this group. It was also detected that the continuous investments in self-enhancement in the boxes defined an orderly and standardized lifestyle responsible for internalizing certain ways of being in the world that affect ultimately their way of living.(AU)

Inspirado por la Fase Ética del pensamiento de Foucault, se consideran las experiencias en CrossFit como formas de gestionar el cuerpo que se vinculan fundamentalmente al culto del yo. Así, el objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar y discutir aspectos que vuelven a los sujetos efectivamente practicantes de CrossFit y cómo la gestión de su cuerpo, dentro y fuera de los boxes, se relacionan a esta modalidad. Se realizaron observaciones no estructuradas de las clases y entrevista semiestructurada con 12 practicantes en diferentes boxes de la zona norte de la ciudad de Rio de Janeiro. Los resultados indicaron que la superación y el estímulo entre los practicantes se constituyen como los principales procesos de subjetivación identitaria de ese grupo. Se ha descubierto también que las continuadas dietas o inversiones de autosuperación en los boxes marcaban un estilo de vida reglado y estandarizado, responsable por internalizar determinadas maneras de estar en el mundo y que afectaban de manera importante el modo de vivir.(AU)

Elementos culturales en el cuidado de la persona mayor indígena: revisión sistemática / Cultural elements in the care of the indigenous older person: a systematic review / Elementos culturais no cuidado do idoso indígena: uma revisão sistemática

OBJETIVO: Comprender la importancia de los aspectos culturales en el cuidado de la persona mayor indígena por medio de literatura científica. METODOLOGÍA: Revisión sistemática de literatura, se utilizaron términos de búsqueda "aspectos culturales", "cuidado adulto mayor" "indígena" para los idiomas español, inglés y portugués en bases de datos LILACS, PUBMED, CINAHL y SCOPUS entre los años 2002 ­ 2020. Se realizó análisis temático. RESULTADOS: Se encontró un total de 814 artículos que consideraban los aspectos culturales del cuidado de la persona mayor indígena. Se seleccionaron 12 artículos bajo los criterios de personas mayores desde los 65 años y más, que sean indígenas y que estén al cuidado de familias o instituciones. Se encontraron estudios cualitativos o cuantitativos acerca de aspectos culturales en su cuidado. Los artículos corresponden a aborígenes canadienses, la cultura Kaingang de Brasil, los grupos Maya, Tsáchila. CONCLUSIÓN: Para una mejora en atención y comunicación de la persona mayor indígena se debe incluir valores culturales en atención de salud respetando creencias, formas de vida y cuidado, por lo que, dentro de la formación del personal, éste debe ser capaz de incorporar todas estas características para el cumplimiento de objetivos y mejora de salud.

OBJECTIVE:To understand the importance of cultural aspects in the older indigenousperson's carethrough scientific literature. METHODOLOGY: Systematic literature review in which search terms "cultural aspects", "elderly care" and "indigenous"were used for the Spanish,English,and Portugueselanguages in LILACS, PUBMED, CINAHL,and SCOPUS databases between the years 2002 ­2020. RESULTS: 814 articles were found that considered the cultural aspects of caring for the indigenous older person. Twelve papers were selected under the criteria of older people aged 65 years and over, indigenous, andin the care of families or institutions. Qualitative or quantitative studies about cultural aspects in their care. The articles correspond to Canadian aborigines, the Kaingang cultureof Brazil, the Mayan groups, and Tsáchila. CONCLUSION: For an improvement in care and communication of the indigenous older person, cultural values must be included in health care respecting beliefs, ways of life,and care, so within the training of the personnel, this must be able to incorporate all these characteristics for the fulfillment of objectives and improvement of health

OBJETIVO:Compreender a importância dos aspectos culturais no cuidado ao idoso indígena por meio da literatura científica. METODOLOGIA: Revisão sistemática da literatura onde foram utilizados os termos de busca "aspectos culturais", "cuidado ao idoso" "indígena" para os idiomas espanhóis,inglêse portuguêsnas bases de dados LILACS, PUBMED, CINAHL e SCOPUS entre os anos de 2002 e 2020. RESULTADOS:Total foram encontrados 814 artigos que consideraram os aspectos culturais do cuidado ao idoso indígena. Doze artigos foram selecionados segundo os critérios de idosos com idade igual ou superior a 65 anos, indígenas e que estão ao cuidado de famílias ou instituições. Estudos qualitativos ou quantitativos sobre aspectos culturais sob seu cuidado. Os artigos correspondem aos aborígenes canadenses, à cultura Kaingang do Brasil, aos grupos maias, Tsáchila. CONCLUSÃO: Para uma melhoria no cuidado e na comunicação do idoso indígena, valores culturais devem ser inseridos na atenção à saúde respeitando as crenças, modos de vida e cuidado, de forma que, na formação da equipe, sejam capazes de incorporar todos. essas características para o cumprimento de objetivos emelhoria da saúde

Translation and Cultural Adaptation to Brazilian Portuguese of the Children's Physical Activity Questionnaire (C-PAQ).

Objective To perform the translation and cultural adaptation to Brazilian Portuguese of the Children's Physical Activity Questionnaire Methods The process involved the stages of translation, synthesis, back-translation, and revision by the translation group. A prefinal version of the questionnaire was then created, and, subsequently, the final version. Results Due to the lifestyle of the population, eight activities described in the questionnaire were changed to adapt it to Brazilian culture: six sports activities and two leisure activities. Eight parents/legal guardians answered the questionnaire during the pretest, quickly, without inconsistencies, and without reporting difficulties in understanding when the final interview was conducted. Conclusion The translation and cultural adaptation of the Children's Physical Activity Questionnaire to Brazilian Portuguese resulted in the version called C-PAQ.PT.

Práticas tradicionais de saúde em comunidades rurais: desafio para a Atenção Primária em Saúde / Traditional health practices in rural communities: a challenge for Primary Health Care

Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o conhecimento dos profissionais das Equipes de Estratégia Saúde da Família e Programa Agentes Comunitários de Saúde a respeito das práticas tradicionais de saúde utilizadas pelas comunidades assistidas. Estudo de natureza descritiva, desenvolvido com uma abordagem quantitativa, realizado no perímetro rural do município de Benevides. Foram inseridas na pesquisa 83 profissionais, sendo 72 da Estratégia Saúde da Família e 11 do Programa Agentes Comunitários de Saúde. Foi utilizado para coleta de dados um instrumento correspondente a uma escala Likert adaptado para esta pesquisa. Muitos desafios se apresentam aos profissionais da Atenção Primária em Saúde para alcançar qualidade nos atendimentos, principalmente respeitando os aspectos culturais de cada comunidade. Faz-se necessária parceria de todos os setores envolvidos no processo saúde-doença, um desafio não somente para a equipe de saúde local, mas para os gestores e formuladores das políticas públicas de saúde.

This study aims to evaluate the knowledge of the professionals of the Family Health Strategy Teams and the Community Health Agents Program regarding the traditional health practices used by the assisted communities. This is a descriptive study, developed with a quantitative approach, carried out in the rural perimeter of the municipality of Benevides. A total of 83 professionals were included in the study, 72 of the Family Health Strategy and 11 of the Community Health Agents Program. An instrument corresponding to a Likert scale and adapted for this research was used for data collection. Many challenges are presented to the Primary Health Care professionals to achieve quality care, especially respecting the cultural aspects of each community. It is necessary to have a partnership of all the sectors involved in the health-disease process, a challenge not only for the local health team, but also for managers and formulators of public health policies.

The evolution of the socio-cultural and religious characteristics of cancer patients in Morocco: case of the National Institute of Oncology Rabat.

BACKGROUND: In 2020, Morocco recorded more than 59,370 new cases of cancer and more than 35,265 cases of death (International Agency for Research on Cancer, Annual report Morocco, 2020). Cancer is always accompanied by socially constructed, differentiated, and contingent interpretations and practices according to the socio-cultural and religious characteristics of each region. The study aims at describing the evolution of the socio-cultural and religious aspects of Moroccan cancer patients followed at the National Institute of Oncology (NIO) of Rabat between 2010 and 2020. METHODS: We have prospectively studied all cancer cases diagnosed at the National Oncology Institute (NIO), Rabat in 2019. We have collected 1102 cases. The data collected was compared with the results of the study carried out in 2010 (1600 cases). Statistical analysis has been assessed by SPSS 20 software and the correlations between socio-cultural characteristics were examined using a chi-square test. RESULTS: From a socio-economic point of view, almost all patients claim that cancer is a costly disease as well as a disease that leads to a drop in income and the inevitable impoverishment of Moroccan patients. The illiteracy rate is still high; rising from 38% in 2010 to 42.80% in 2020. On the psychological level, damage to body image (alopecia, mastectomy, hysterectomy,) can lead to stigmatizing and harms the marital relationship. The number of patients experiencing divorce and marital separation that seems to occur following cancer pathology remains high, despite a decrease of nearly 50% between 2010 and 2020. Concerning the spiritual aspect, in the Arab-Amazigh-Muslim culture, the impact of the occurrence of cancer is very particular, and the repercussions are assessed differently depending on the degree of conviction. For practicing believers, cancer is considered a divine test and an opportunity to improve. In the Qur'an, God tests the best of his disciples to reward them The rate of practicing believers has evolved from 49% in 2010 to 85.50% in 2020.But for non-practicing believers, cancer is regarded as a divine punishment coming from outside. New behaviors reported by this research concern the use of "roquia". This spiritual cure is considered as an anti-cancer remedy. It uses Allah's words from the holy "qur'an", his faires names and his attributes. 42% of patients use "roquia". Concerning phytotherapy, there was an increase in the percentage of participants using medicinal plants and even the most harmful plants (Arestiloch, Euphorbia) from 26% in 2010 to 51.50% in 2020. CONCLUSION: The precarious social level of cancer patients, the lack of social and medical coverage, illiteracy, and lack of knowledge of religion, as well as dissatisfaction with conventional medicine, may lead patients to the use of traditional medicine (medicinal plants, visit of "marabouts", "roquia"). This can have a negative impact on the quality of access to oncology care.

Aspectos influenciadores da introdução alimentar infantil / Influential aspects of the introduction of infant food / Aspectos que influyen en la introducción de alimentos en la infancia

Introdução: O Ministério da Saúde recomenda que a introdução alimentar infantil seja feita aos 6 meses de idade, porém, observa-se que muitas famílias introduzem alimentos antes dessa faixa etária, o que pode prejudicar a saúde da criança. Isso pode ocorrer devido às crenças existentes, experiências prévias da família, entre outros fatores de ordem social e cultural. Objetivo: Investigar aspectos influenciadores da introdução alimentar de crianças. Métodos: O presente estudo trata-se de uma pesquisa transversal, quantitativa, com amostra não probabilística, de conveniência. Foram incluídos no estudo 22 pais ou responsáveis de crianças com idade até 24 meses. Foi aplicado um questionário com os pais ou responsáveis que continha perguntas relacionadas à criança, à família e aos fatores socioculturais; introdução alimentar; e crenças e conhecimentos sobre introdução alimentar. Resultados: Houve prevalência de aleitamento materno exclusivo até os 6 meses de 31,8% e introdução alimentar em tempo oportuno de 45%. Os resultados demonstram correlação entre escolaridade, renda, presença de plano de saúde e ocupação dos pais fora de casa com conhecimento sobre alimentação complementar. Encontrou-se também correlação entre o conhecimento dos pais e tempo de aleitamento materno exclusivo e tempo em que foi introduzida alimentação complementar. Conclusão: A partir dos resultados pode-se inferir que o nível de instrução, a ocupação e a renda familiar exercem influência no conhecimento dos pais sobre introdução alimentar. E que este conhecimento influencia a duração do aleitamento materno exclusivo e a época da introdução alimentar.

Introduction: The Ministry of Health recommends that the introduction of infant food be made at 6 months of age; however, it is observed that many families introduce food before this age group, which can harm the child's health. This may be due to existing beliefs, previous family experiences, and other social and cultural factors. Objective: To investigate aspects that influence the food introduction for children. Methods: The present study is a cross-sectional, quantitative research, with a non-probabilistic, convenience sample. The study included 22 parents or guardians of children aged up to 24 months. A questionnaire containing questions related to the child, the family and socio-cultural factors and questions about food introduction, beliefs and knowledge about this introduction, was applied with the parents or guardians. Results: There was a prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding up to 6 months of 31.8% and right timely feeding of 45%. The results show a correlation between schooling, income, health insurance and occupation of parents outside the home with knowledge about complementary feeding. A correlation was also found between the parents' knowledge and the duration of exclusive breastfeeding and the time when complementary feeding was introduced. Conclusion: From the results, it can be inferred that the level of education, occupation and family income influence the parents' knowledge about food introduction. And that this knowledge influences the duration of exclusive breastfeeding and the timing of food introduction.

Introducción: El Ministerio de Salud recomienda la introducción de alimentos para bebés a los 6 meses de edad, sin embargo, se observa que muchas familias introducen alimentos antes de este grupo de edad, lo que puede dañar la salud del niño. Esto puede deberse a creencias existentes, experiencias familiares previas, entre otros factores sociales y culturales. Objetivo: investigar aspectos que influyen en la introducción de alimentos en los niños. Métodos: Este estudio es una investigación transversal, cuantitativa, con una muestra de conveniencia no probabilística. El estudio incluyó a 22 padres o tutores de niños de hasta 24 meses. Se aplicó un cuestionario con los padres o tutores que contenía preguntas relacionadas con el niño, la familia y factores socioculturales; introducción de alimentos; y creencias y conocimientos sobre la introducción de alimentos. Resultados: hubo una prevalencia de lactancia materna exclusiva hasta 6 meses de 31,8% y alimentación oportuna de 45%. Los resultados demuestran una correlación entre escolaridad, ingresos, presencia de seguro de salud y ocupación de padres fuera del hogar con conocimiento sobre alimentación complementaria. También se encontró una correlación entre el conocimiento de los padres y el tiempo de lactancia materna exclusiva y el momento en que se introdujo la alimentación complementaria. Conclusión: a partir de los resultados, se puede inferir que el nivel de educación, la ocupación y el ingreso familiar influyen en el conocimiento de los padres sobre la introducción de alimentos. Y que este conocimiento influye en la duración de lactancia materna exclusiva y el tiempo de introducción de alimentos.

Experiences, dietary behavior and cultural characteristics of people with colorectal neoplasms / Experiencias, conducta alimentaria y características culturales de personas con neoplasias colorrectales / Experiências, comportamento alimentar e características culturais de pessoas com neoplasias colorretais

ABSTRACT Objectives: to interpret the socio-cultural, religious, and spiritual aspects of the experience of people who have colorectal cancer and were submitted to surgical treatment with ostomy. Methods: ethnographic study under the perspective of the Sociology of Health, in the comprehensive aspect, in a surgical unit of an oncologic hospital of the state of Pará, Brazil. Eighteen deponents participated, eleven patients, and seven caregivers, between December 2018 and March 2019. Data were obtained with non-participant observation, field diary records, and semi-structured interviews with subsequent inductive content analysis. Results: religious attachment and socio-cultural aspects of the illness were interpreted, emphasizing the social fact of the Immediate Dream, emotional shock, modern totemism, toxic food as taboo, and medicalization in the sphere of common sense and biomedical system. Final Considerations: microsocial and macrosocial factors of the participants' experiences contribute to the qualification of oncologic assistance in the public system, assuming the need for specialized interprofessional assistance.

RESUMEN Objetivos: interpretar aspectos socioculturales, religiosos y espirituales de experiencia de enfermedad de personas por cáncer colorrectal sometidas al tratamiento quirúrgico con estomatización. Métodos: estudio etnográfico bajo la perspectiva de la Sociología de Salud, en la vertiente comprensiva, en unidad quirúrgica de un hospital oncológico de Pará, Brasil. Participaron 18 deponentes, siendo 11 enfermos y 7 cuidadores, entre diciembre de 2018 y marzo de 2019. Los datos obtenidos con observación no participante/participante, registro en diario de campo y entrevista semiestructurada con posterior análisis de contenido inductivo. Resultados: interpretaron el apego religioso y aspectos socioculturales del enfermo, enfatizando el hecho social del Sueño Inmediato, choque emocional, totemismo moderno, la reimosidad alimentaria como tabú y la medicalización en la esfera del sentido común y sistema biomédico. Consideraciones Finales: factores microsociales y macrosociales de las experiencias de los participantes contribuyen en cualificación de asistencia oncológica en el sistema público, presuponiendo la necesidad de una asistencia interprofesional especializada.

RESUMO Objetivos: interpretar os aspectos socioculturais, religiosos e espirituais da experiência de adoecimento de pessoas por câncer colorretal submetidas ao tratamento cirúrgico com estomização. Métodos: estudo etnográfico sob a perspectiva da Sociologia da Saúde, na vertente compreensiva, em unidade cirúrgica de um hospital oncológico do estado do Pará, Brasil. Participaram 18 depoentes, sendo 11 adoecidos e 7 cuidadores, entre dezembro de 2018 e março de 2019. Os dados foram obtidos com observação não participante/participante, registro em diário de campo e entrevista semiestruturada com posterior análise de conteúdo indutiva. Resultados: interpretaramse o apego religioso e aspectos socioculturais do adoecimento, enfatizando o fato social do Sonho Imediato, choque emocional, totemismo moderno, reimosidade alimentar como tabu e a medicalização na esfera do senso comum e sistema biomédico. Considerações Finais: fatores microssociais e macrossociais das experiências dos participantes contribuem na qualificação da assistência oncológica no sistema público, pressupondo a necessidade de uma assistência interprofissional especializada.

How fear and collectivism influence public's preventive intention towards COVID-19 infection: a study based on big data from the social media.

BACKGROUND: Despite worldwide calls for precautionary measures to combat COVID-19, the public's preventive intention still varies significantly among different regions. Exploring the influencing factors of the public's preventive intention is very important to curtail the spread of COVID-19. Previous studies have found that fear can effectively improve the public's preventive intention, but they ignore the impact of differences in cultural values. The present study examines the combined effect of fear and collectivism on the public's preventive intention towards COVID-19 through the analysis of social media big data. METHODS: The Sina microblog posts of 108,914 active users from Chinese mainland 31 provinces were downloaded. The data was retrieved from January 11 to February 21, 2020. Afterwards, we conducted a province-level analysis of the contents of downloaded posts. Three lexicons were applied to automatically recognise the scores of fear, collectivism, and preventive intention of 31 provinces. After that, a multiple regression model was established to examine the combined effect of fear and collectivism on the public's preventive intention towards COVID-19. The simple slope test and the Johnson-Neyman technique were used to test the interaction of fear and collectivism on preventive intention. RESULTS: The study reveals that: (a) both fear and collectivism can positively predict people's preventive intention and (b) there is an interaction of fear and collectivism on people's preventive intention, where fear and collectivism reduce each other's positive influence on people's preventive intention. CONCLUSION: The promotion of fear on people's preventive intention may be limited and conditional, and values of collectivism can well compensate for the promotion of fear on preventive intention. These results provide scientific inspiration on how to enhance the public's preventive intention towards COVID-19 effectively.